Naming Names

Prizefighters, no matter their religion, change their Christian names, the names they had at birth, into something suited to a hands-on profession. Nicknames, sobriquets, ring monikers, are as commonplace, as everyday, as integral to the game as the uppercut and hook off the jab.

Sometimes changing a name seems the most natural thing on earth. Consider, for example, that champion of champions, Cassius Clay, first known as the Louisville Lip, who changed his name to Cassius X, then to Muhammad Ali, before finally settling on The Greatest.

A prefix to a real name sometimes says it all. Savor this quintet of sweetheart pugilists: Sugar Ray (Robinson), Sugar Ray (Leonard), Sugar Shane (Mosley), Sugar Ramos and Sucra Ray (Olivera). My mouth waters at the thought of all that talent.

The epithets used by boxers in Regency and Victorian England set a high historical tone for nicknames with punch. A Young Ruffian fought. So did an Old Ruffian. For fans that hungered for action, Beef a la Mode was a contender, as were Cabbage, Giblet Pie, Young Rump Steak and Catsmeat. Alongside these gents scuffled such well-named notables as No Neck (Duggan), Gallows Dick, Yokel Brute, The Chelsea Snob, Holy Land Pink, Cripplegate and Death.

And let’s not forget the anomalous Fighting Quaker.

Some of the animals who fought in the ring and whose bite was worse than their bark were the Pit Bull, El Terrier, Mad Dog, The Animal, The Cobra, The Old Mongoose (Archie Moore), Bobcat (Bob Foster) and Big Cat (Cleveland Williams). The Wild Bull of the Pampas (Luis Angel Firpo) gave Jack Dempsey all he could handle in 1923. There were those highflying champs The Hawk (Aaron Pryor) and Game Chicken (Hen Pearce). There was Tiger Flowers.

Sometimes noms-de-guerre were an astute summing up of a fighter’s essence. Consider the Napoleon of the Ring (Jem Belcher), Old Master (Joe Gans), Toy Bulldog (Mickey Walker), Mighty Atom (Jimmy Wilde), Homicide Hank (Henry Armstrong) and Human Windmill (Harry Greb). There are Gentleman Jim (Corbett), Gorgeous George (Carpentier), Terrible Terry (McGovern) and Two Ton Tony (Galento). There’s the rags-to-riches Cinderella Man (James Braddock). There’s the Clown Prince of Boxing (Max Baer). There’s the canvas-loving Fainting Phil (Scott).

Our black brothers, especially in the past, were assigned politically incorrect honorifics. There’s no forgetting the phenomenal Brown Bomber (Joe Louis). One of Joe’s contemporaries was Gorilla Jones. The Black Terror (Bill Richmond) fought in Merry Old England. The Black Panther (Harry Wills) fought in the U.S. and Panama. There was a Young Massa. There was a Kid Chocolate, Little Chocolate, Old Chocolate and Chocolito. The Boston Tar Baby (Sam Langford) was an all-time great, as was The Moor (boxing pioneer Tom Molyneaux), also known as Snowball.

Boxing wouldn’t be boxing without the surname Kid. In addition to the aforementioned Kid Chocolate, aka the Cuban Bonbon, there is Kid Gavilan, Kid Broad, Kid Dixie, Kid Francis, Kid Graves, Kid Goodman, Kid Herman, Kid Kaplan, Kid McCoy, Kid McPartland, Kid Murphy and Kid Williams. There’s also George Kid Lavigne, “Billy the Kid” O’Shea, Hogan Kid Bassey, Jack Kid Berg, Ted Kid Lewis, Benny Kid Paret, The Stringbean Kid and Young Zulu Kid.

Where the fighter was born and raised looms large in the history of the fight game. Some hall of fame fighters who put boxing on the map were the Manassa Mauler (Jack Dempsey), Brockton Blockbuster (Rocky Marciano), Bronx Bull (Jake LaMotta), Boston Strong Boy (John L. Sullivan), Galveston Giant (Jack Johnson) and Michigan Assassin (Stanley Ketchel).

As we bob and weave our way across America we come across a Nebraska Wildcat, St. Paul Phantom, Livermore Larruper, Herkeimer Hurricane, Milwaukee Marvel, Kentucky Rosebud, Kansas Rube and Pottawatomie Giant. There was a Brooklyn Bomber and Brooklyn Billygoat, Harlem Spider and Harlem Harlequin, Astoria Assassin, Bronx Beauty and Brownsville Bum. Jersey Joe (Walcott) and Philadelphia Jack (O’Brien) were terrific champs, as were the Pittsburgh Kid (Billy Conn) and Boston Gob (Jack Sharkey).

Fighters representing foreign lands fought here and overseas. There’s the Light of Israel (English champion Daniel Mendoza) and Croat Comet (low-blow artist Fritzie Zivic), as well as the Tipton Slasher, Bristol Unknown, Belfast Spider, Durable Dane, Barbados Demon, Singular Senegalese, Basque Woodchopper, Scotch Wop, Australian Hard Rock and Elongated Panamanian.

Taking a swing at the former jobs of professional pugilists in Regency England, there were pugs who once were The Gasman, The Coachman, The Bargeman, The Waterman, The Collier, The Nailer and The Tinman. There was also a Master of Rolls and Sailor Boy, a Knight of the Cleaver and Bath Butcher.

Closer to home we had ragamuffins on street corners hawking the daily news: Newsboy Brown, The Fighting Newsboy (Mushy Callahan) and Abe the Newsboy (Hollandersky). There was a Georgia Shoeshine Boy (Beau Jack), Boilermaker and Fighting Marine (heavyweight champs Jim Jeffries and Gene Tunney). Men with nerves of steel were the Man of Steel (Tony Zale from Gary, Indiana), the macho Upstate Onion Farmer (Carmen Basilio from Canastota, NY) and The Fighting Dentist (Leech Cross from the Lower East Side), who knocked out teeth at night and replaced them the next day.

When people say “sticks and stones will break my bones but names will never harm me,” they could not be more wrong.

Raging Bull Redux

There’s not much harder than being a man, unless one happens to be a woman. If you don’t believe me, take it from Jake La Motta, the subject of Martin Scorsese’s Raging Bull (1980).

“Let me tell ya a little story,” says La Motta in the Special Features section of the 2-DVD boxed set of Raging Bull. “When it came out it was down the block here, a movie, two blocks here in my neighborhood right here where I live now. And I went with my ex-wife Vickie. And we get there, we watched the movie. And when I saw the movie I was a little depressed. I said to her, ‘Was I really like that?’ You know what she said to me? ‘You were worse.’”

Boxing is a sport, but boxing is no game, and the life and death struggles of its participants, in and out of the ring, are an ideal subject for cinema when inspiration is the purpose, or a walk on the wild side is the intent.

Filmdom’s fascination with boxing began with Thomas Edison, who filmed a sparring session between heavyweight champion Gentleman Jim Corbett and Peter Courtney in 1894, and over the years there have been several fine flicks about the fights: Alfred Hitchcock’s The Ring (1927); Body and Soul (1939) starring John Garfield; Robert Wise’s The Set-Up (1949); Champion (1949) starring Kirk Douglas; the Jack Palance TV version of Requiem for a Heavyweight (l956); The Harder They Fall (1956); and John Huston’s Fat City (1972).

At one end of the spectrum is the quintessential boxing fairytale, Rocky (1976), with its many offspring and endless revenue streams. At the other is Raging Bull.

Raging Bull, which the AFI lists as the fourth greatest American film of all time, was nominated for eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor (Robert De Niro as La Motta), Best Supporting Actor (Joe Pesci, in his second film, as Jake’s brother Joey), Best Supporting Actress (Cathy Moriarty as La Motta’s long-suffering spouse Vickie), Best Cinematography (Michael Chapman), Best Editing (Thelma Shoonmaker), and Best Sound (Frank Warner).

De Niro’s portrayal of La Motta is a tour de force that is still on tour, and among his many accomplishments in Raging Bull, not least of which was learning how to box, was gaining sixty pounds to portray Jake as he ballooned out of contention.

De Niro told the authors of Inside Oscar: The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards, “I can’t fake acting. I know movies are an illusion, and maybe the first rule is to fake it, but not for me. I’m too curious. I want to deal with all the facts of the character, thin or fat.” Putting on all that weight wasn’t easy. “You have to [eat] three times a day. You have to get up in the morning and just eat. Eat that breakfast, eat those pancakes, eat dinner, even of you’re not hungry. It’s murder.”

It may have been murder, but homicide isn’t to everyone’s taste. Pauline Kael, for example, wrote in The New Yorker on December 8, 1980, “What De Niro does in this picture isn’t acting, exactly. I’m not sure what it is. Though it may at some level be awesome, it definitely isn’t pleasurable . . . what I found myself thinking about wasn’t La Motta or the movie but the metamorphosis of De Niro.”

To which the esteemed British critic, Peter Ackroyd, countered: “The man without a soul has nowhere to go but outward.”

Raging Bull was De Niro’s baby from the start. The film’s producer, Irwin Winkler, recalled, “I constantly saw Bob De Niro walking around with this shopworn-looking book, and he never told me what it was, but he always carried it around. And one day he came over to me and he said, ‘I want you to take a look at this book.’ And I looked at it and it was the book on which Raging Bull ultimately was based.”

“There was something about it,” De Niro told Fred Ferretti in “The Delicate Art of Creating a Brutal Film Hero” (New York Times, November 23, 1980), “a strong thrust, a portrait of a direct man without complications. Something at the center of it was very good for me. I felt I could evolve into the character.”

At first, Scorsese didn’t want to make a film about boxing. When De Niro pressed Scorsese about adapting La Motta’s story into a film, he said, “A boxer? I don’t like boxing.” Scorsese told his biographer Mary Pat Kelly, “The only logical fight I ever saw was a Buster Keaton film. He’s in the ring with this big guy. The guy comes out swinging. Keaton goes to the corner and gets a chair and hits the guy with it. That was the only logical boxing scene I ever witnessed. The idea of ‘Let’s get two guys into the ring and let them hit each other’ was something I didn’t – couldn’t – grasp.”

But Raging Bull is about boxing only in part. It’s also about the crises of masculinity, family, and faith, the limitations of will, and the ambiguity of redemption.

Raging Bull begins in 1941 when Jake is a young up-and-comer and follows his rise and fall with clinical precision. La Motta is a body genius, but he’s an idiot savant, his mind a jumbled mass of confused impulses. It’s hard not to root for Jake at the same time as one despises him, and watching him self-destruct is like watching a train wreck in real time. Jake first spots 15-year-old Vickie, the love of his life and future wife, at a public swimming pool. After a whirlwind courtship, where Jake is at his most touching and vulnerable, they marry. Jake gets what he wants, Vickie gets more than she bargained for, and the middleweight contender and his glamorous bride are the toast of the town . . . as long as he keeps winning.

But at home Jake’s like a caged animal. Always on edge, he’s suspicious, paranoid, distrustful of everyone and everything, especially as it concerns Vickie.

With Jake’s rise in the rankings, the mob wants a piece of the action. Without the mob’s help there’s no way he gets his coveted shot at the crown. There are, however, conditions. At Joey’s urging, Jake agrees to take a dive, to go in the soup against a bum named Billy Fox.

Two years later, La Motta fights for the middleweight title held by Marcel Cerdan. Jake forces Cerdan to quit on his stool and is crowned middleweight champion of the world.

Jake celebrates his success by eating himself out of his weight class. He’s also more convinced than ever that his wife is sleeping around. Jake asks Joey, “Did you fuck Vickie?” Joey can’t believe his ears. “You really let this girl ruin your life,” he says. “Look at you. You’re killing yourself the way you eat, you fat fuck. She really did a job on you. You know how fuckin’ nuts you are?” Again Jake asks, “You fuck my wife?” “How could you ask me a question like that? How could you ask me? I’m your brother. You ask me that? Where do you get the balls big enough to ask me that?” Jake says, “Just tell me.” “I’m not gonna answer that. It’s stupid. You’re a sick bastard. You know what you should do? Try a little more fuckin’ and a little less eatin’. You won’t have troubles upstairs in your bedroom and you won’t take it out on everybody else.”

There’s no reasoning with Jake. His manhood has been established, and is constantly reinforced, by the violence of his surroundings, his profession, his very being, so he goes upstairs to confront Vickie and hurls accusations and punches. But Vickie, despite her black eye, swollen jaw, cut lip and wounded pride, despite her better judgment, decides to stick around.

Jake continues to fight, and has a series of bouts with Sugar Ray Robinson. Their final bout, in Scorsese’s deft hands, is a grotesque pas de deux where Jake, no longer at the top of his game, can only show the world how tough he is by enduring the beating of his life; albeit without going down.

A dozen fights later and Jake calls it quits. He fulfills a lifelong dream and opens a nightclub in Miami where he can play out his skewed ambitions as an overweight master of ceremonies spewing lame jokes (“I haven’t seen so many losers since my last fight at Madison Square Garden”) before a thankless crowd of celebrity gawkers.

La Motta’s fall is as precipitous as his rise. Vickie leaves him. Then he gets busted for introducing a 14-year-old girl to some men at his club. He’s convicted of pandering and thrown in the Dade County Stockade for a year.

“I lived a crazy lifestyle for a couple of years before this movie,” said Scorsese in Untouchable: A Biography of Robert De Niro, “which culminated in Raging Bull. The understanding of why I was doing it found its way into Jake’s character and I was able to deal with it on film . . . and got to the point where Jake was able to sit in front of the mirror and be kind to himself in the end. That was what the lesson of the film was for me.”

In the final scene of Raging Bull, bloated Jake La Motta is sucking on a cigar in his dressing room. He looks at himself admiringly in the mirror, and proceeds to recite Budd Schulberg’s immortal words from On the Waterfront (1954), where Terry Malloy (Marlon Brando/Jake La Motta/Robert De Niro) confronts his older brother Charley (Rod Steiger/Joey La Motta/Joe Pesci) in the backseat of a sedan.

“It wasn’t him, Charley. It was you. You remember that night at the Garden you came down in my dressing room and you said, ‘Kid, this ain’t your night; we're going for the price on Wilson?’ Remember that? ‘This ain’t your night?’ My night. I could’ve taken Wilson apart that night. So what happens? He gets a title shot outdoors in the ballpark, and what do I get? A one-way ticket to Palookaville. I was never no good after that night, Charley. It was like a peak you reach, and then it’s downhill. It was you, Charley. You was my brother. You should’ve looked out for me a little bit. You should’ve taken care of me just a little bit, instead of making me take them dives for the short-end money. You don’t understand. I coulda had class. I coulda been a contender. I coulda been somebody, instead of a bum, which is what I am. Let’s face it. It was you, Charley.”

Raging Bull is a cultural touchstone. It may be the anti-Rocky, the dark side of a crimson parable, but it’s Scorsese’s finest work, a dream ménage of subject, object, and auteur.

Remembering Da Rock

Former middleweight champion Rocky Graziano personified Nu Yawk. He was born Thomas Rocca Barbella in a Rivington Street tenement in 1922 and came of age on the Lower East Side. Rocky was a rambunctious kid with a rap sheet by the age of ten. Seemingly born to raise hell, he was a truant, punk, thief and hoodlum before he hit adolescence.

In his autobiography Somebody Up There Likes Me, first published in 1954 and turned into a film noir movie about his film noir life two years later, Rocky describes Rocky as only Rocky can: “I was so crooked ya coulda used my arm for a corkscrew. I wasn’t a juvenile delinquent. I was just a kid with an impediment of the reach.”

Rocky wrote about growing up in New York’s slums: “We go from one roach palace to another on Tenth Street and First Avenue. This pad, even though they was supposed to have steam heat, go find it. Here, in the middle of winter, even the janitor banged on the pipes. And if you paid your rent on time, you could be arrested for suspicion of robbery.”

In response to being poor, Barbella hustled reality. “I never stole anything unless it started with ‘A.’ ‘A’ truck. ‘A’ car. ‘A’ payroll.”

Always in and out of trouble, it was Manhattan Island one day/Riker’s Island the next for the recidivist Rocca Barbella. In lieu of a long stretch in the joint, a judge took pity on the repeat offender and forced him into the military. If ever a match was made in hell it was the U.S. Army vs. Da Rock. In no time Rocky was AWOL. In no time Rocky was in the brig.

History was repeating itself and Barbella, as usual, never could do nothing right.

“There was always something I want to say but I never knew how, so I let my fists do the talking for me.”

Rocca Barbella finally saw the light. He loathed following orders and hated khaki and knew the soldier’s life was not for him, so he borrowed another GI’s name — Rocky Graziano — and went absent without leave forever.

“There was still one thing I had to find out for myself. I had to learn that I was only happy when I was fighting.”

Rocky Graziano turned pro on March 31, 1942 in Brooklyn with a second round kayo over Curtis Hightower. Rocky had seven more fights that year, eighteen fights in 1943, and twenty fights in 1944.

“The only time I’m straight about what I’m doing is when I’m in the ring taking punches and giving them.”

Rocky wasn’t a sweet scientist. Nope, not even close. He went for the jugular.

“You can look at my face and you’ll know it’s a tough business.”

Graziano could take a mean punch. He also loved to dish it out. He thought nothing of taking four, five, six shots to land a haymaker of his own.

“I give in to nothing or nobody. Cut me, break my bones, it was all the same.”
Rocky never let his lack of finesse deter him.

“Anybody hurts me gets busted in two and dumped in his own blood.”

Rocky was also, in keeping with a New York tradition, a dirty fighter.

“In a fight it’s the thumb in the eye, the knee in the balls. In pool you cheat on the score. In baseball you rap the base runner sliding in or use your spikes. In poker it’s the marked deck, loaded dice in craps. The important thing is not how you do it,” Graziano wrote. “The important thing is to win.”

His three explosive bouts with Tony Zale — Rocky lost the first in 1946, won the rematch and middleweight title in 1947, and lost the 1948 rubber match — are touchstones in the sweet science of bruising.

“There’s only one way to lick Zale. You gotta kill him.”

Rocky Graziano retired from boxing in 1952 with a 67-10-6 (52 KOs) record and commenced his career in showbiz. He morphed from a granite-chinned pugilist into a solid gold celebrity. He became a TV host and pitchman. He became a bestselling author. He was pals with Presidents and Hollywood stars.

In an amazing turnaround of fortune, Rocky was famous, he was adored, and he was rich.

“You know why I like to hang around millionaires?” he asked. “They never ask you for money.”

Boxing rescued a nowhere man and turned him into something fabulous, and his life, according to Da Rock, was some kinda miracle.

“I once heard a poem with religion in it and there was this line I never forgot: My cup runs over.”

Bullish on the Bronx Bull

In a sport full of madmen, former middleweight champ Jake La Motta holds pride of place. Fights fans love him because he was tougher than tough. Wiseguys hate him because he was a rat. Culture vultures love Jake because Martin Scorsese made a movie of his life.

“My life story is now on film,” La Motta said in an interview several years ago. “The movie is called Raging Bull and I am played by superstar Robert De Niro. I told the producer I’d like to play myself, but he said, ‘Jake, you’re not the type.’”

Not every prizefighter gets to watch the movie of his life. He has to be very special, or very wild and crazy, and Jake La Motta was all that, and a good deal more.

Jake La Motta was born on July 10, 1921, to hardscrabble beginnings in the Bronx. “We were so poor that my old man would go outside every Christmas and shoot his gun,” Jake wrote in his autobiography, “then come back and tell us that Santa Claus has committed suicide.”

La Motta remembered how it was: “I read the Romans had bread and circuses. We had home relief and boxing.”

Difficult, aggressive, combative, always itching for a fight, Jake was a nut job from the start, but this violent man was redeemed, insofar as any man is redeemed, by boxing. But it took a lotta bungled crimes and a lotta busted heads before he saw the light: “I was a bum and I lived like a bum in a bum neighborhood.”

Jake may have been a bum, but at least he was a bum who could punch. He went legit on March 31, 1941 at the age of eighteen and had twenty bouts in his first year as a pro: “I had more fights in one year than many of these guys have in their entire careers.”

In 1942 Jake fought and lost to the legendary Sugar Ray Robinson. In 1943 he fought Robinson two times in the same month, losing the first fight but winning the rematch — becoming the first man to defeat Sugar Ray. La Motta, who memory may not be the best, remembered those fights as though they were yesterday: “I fought Ray Robinson so many times, it’s a wonder I don’t have diabetes.”

That same year, Jake had the first of four fights in seven months with low blow artist Fritzie Zivic. Those pugs pounded each other silly in Pittsburgh. “A fighter goes into the ring with one thing on his mind,” wrote La Motta, “to beat the shit out of the other guy before he beats the shit out of him.”

In 1947 La Motta took a dive during a bout with Billy Fox to set up a shot at the middleweight crown, but Jake was so fake that a scandal ensued and he lost his license to fight.

He was subpoenaed to Washington, DC, to testify about going in the soup before Congress. “I never did like Washington,” wrote Jake. “All those over-sized buildings and monuments made me feel like some dumb bug crawling around a pyramid or something.”

A Senate Anti-Trust and Monopoly Subcommittee investigating corruption in boxing turned La Motta into a dark star.

“Senators — who the hell knew from Senators? All I knew was back rooms and stinking catacombs with creeps and mobster wiseguys.”

During his swearing in before the Senate, La Motta swore to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help him God, and Jake was as good as his word: “You win some, you throw some.”

La Motta got his shot at the middleweight crown in Detroit on June 16, 1949 against the French-Algerian champion Marcel Cerdan. Jake took Cerdan apart that night, forcing the champ to quit on his stool after ten.

The Bronx Bull defended his crown twice — including one of the greatest come-from-behind victories of all time against Laurent Dauthille in 1950 — before losing the middleweight title back to Robinson the next year.

“Robinson never got me down,” Jake remembered. “If the referee hadn’t stopped the fight, Robinson would’ve collapsed from hitting me.”

Jake La Motta retired from boxing on June 2, 1954 at the age of 34 with an 83-19 record (30 KOs). Then the fun began.

Jake opened a nightclub in Miami Beach and for a time was the toast of the town. “My wife, Vickie, never knew I was an alcoholic till one night I came home sober,” wrote the champ. “But as I always say, you’re never drunk if you can lay on the floor without holding on.”

Jake’s marriage to Vickie was rocky. So was their divorce. “She always complained she didn’t have anything to wear,” Jake observed. “I never believed her until I saw her pictures in Playboy.”

The vice squad set up La Motta at his club. They fixed up a real live doll, made her all pretty and nice, and dangled her like jailbait in front of the champ. His bloodshot eyes and addled brain must have deceived him that night, because he thought she looked twenty-one; funny, she felt twenty-one. Jake introduced her to some men at the bar, and those cats had the time of their lives.

La Motta was busted, jailed and railroaded through the system for pimping a fourteen-year-old girl.

After his release from prison, La Motta attempted reforming. He tried, at least at first, keeping his hands to himself. “I’m jaded,” admitted Jake. “If I never see another boob it ain’t gonna bother me. Impervious? I flattened a bum named Impervious in Buffalo.”

La Motta also began a sputtering career as an actor, emcee and comedian. Wobbling on stage one night, a mike in one hand, a drink in the other, a cigar between his lips, Jake’s lame retort to handful of hecklers pretty much sums up the spirit of those days: “Ya know, it’s guys like you that are gonna force me to make a comeback.”

Jake’s comeback came in unusual ways. His autobiography, Raging Bull, was published in 1970. The movie of the same name came out ten years later and made film history.

When all is said and done, it’s hard to know what to make of Jake La Motta, so maybe the Bronx Bull deserves the last word.

“You know what a geek is? You throw a geek a raw chicken and he’ll eat it, feathers and all, and everyone outside the cage will laugh and applaud. Was I a champ or a geek? Only God knows what I was.”